Influence of dengue virus serotypes on the abundance of Aedes aegypti insect-specific viruses (ISVs).

A comprehensive understanding of the virome in mosquito vectors is crucial for assessing the potential transmission of viral agents, designing effective vector control strategies, and advancing our knowledge of insect-specific viruses (ISVs). In this study, we utilized Oxford Nanopore Technologies metagenomics to characterize the virome of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in various regions of Colombia, a country hyperendemic for dengue virus (DENV). Analyses were conducted on groups of insects with previous natural DENV infection (DENV-1 and DENV-2 serotypes), as well as mosquito samples that tested negative for virus infection (DENV-negative). Our findings indicate that the Ae. aegypti virome exhibits a similar viral composition at the ISV family and species levels in both DENV-positive and DENV-negative samples across all study sites. However, differences were observed in the relative abundance of viral families such as Phenuiviridae, Partitiviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Picornaviridae, Bromoviridae, and Virgaviridae, depending on the serotype of DENV-1 and DENV-2. In addition, ISVs are frequently found in the core virome of Ae. aegypti, such as Phasi Charoen-like phasivirus (PCLV), which was the most prevalent and showed variable abundance in relation to the presence of specific DENV serotypes. Phylogenetic analyses of the L, M, and S segments of the PCLV genome are associated with sequences from different regions of the world but show close clustering with sequences from Brazil and Guadeloupe, indicating a shared evolutionary relationship. The profiling of the Ae. aegypti virome in Colombia presented here improves our understanding of viral diversity within mosquito vectors and provides information that opens the way to possible connections between ISVs and arboviruses. Future studies aimed at deepening our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between ISVs and DENV serotypes in Ae. aegypti could provide valuable information for the design of effective vector-borne viral disease control and prevention strategies.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we employed a metagenomic approach to characterize the virome of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, with and without natural DENV infection, in several regions of Colombia. Our findings indicate that the mosquito virome is predominantly composed of insect-specific viruses (ISVs) and that infection with different DENV serotypes (DENV-1 and DENV-2) could lead to alterations in the relative abundance of viral families and species constituting the core virome in Aedes spp. The study also sheds light on the identification of the genome and evolutionary relationships of the Phasi Charoen-like phasivirus in Ae. aegypti in Colombia, a widespread ISV in areas with high DENV incidence.

High prevalence of Enterovirus E, Bovine Kobuvirus, and Astrovirus revealed by viral metagenomics in fecal samples from cattle in Central Colombia.

Livestock plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and driving the global economy. However, viral infections can have far-reaching consequences beyond economic productivity, affecting the health of cattle, as well as posing risks to human health and other animals. Identifying viruses present in fecal samples, a primary route of pathogen transmission, is essential for developing effective prevention, control, and surveillance strategies. Viral metagenomic approaches offer a broader perspective and hold great potential for detecting previously unknown viruses or uncovering previously undescribed agents. Ubaté Province is Colombia's dairy capital and a key center for livestock production in the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize viral communities in fecal samples from cattle in this region. A total of 42 samples were collected from three municipalities in Ubaté Province, located in central Colombia, using a convenient non-probabilistic sampling method. We utilized metagenomic sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), combined with diversity and phylogenetic analysis. The findings revealed a consistent and stable viral composition across the municipalities, primarily comprising members of the Picornaviridae family. At the species level, the most frequent viruses were Enterovirus E (EVE) and Bovine Astrovirus (BoAstV). Significantly, this study reported, for the first time in Colombia, the presence of viruses with veterinary importance occurring at notable frequencies: EVE (59%), Bovine Kobuvirus (BKV) (52%), and BoAstV (19%). Additionally, the study confirmed the existence of Circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) Virus in animal feces. These sequences were phylogenetically grouped with samples obtained from Asia and Latin America, underscoring the importance of having adequate representation across the continent. The virome of bovine feces in Ubaté Province is characterized by the predominance of potentially pathogenic viruses such as BoAstV and EVE that have been reported with substantial frequency and quantities. Several of these viruses were identified in Colombia for the first time. This study showcases the utility of using metagenomic sequencing techniques in epidemiological surveillance. It also paves the way for further research on the influence of these agents on bovine health and their frecuency across the country.

Mantenimiento y conservación de la memoria en un grupo de ancianos. Segunda fase 2016-2019 / Memory maintenance and preservation in an elderly group. Second phase 2016-2019

Objetivo: determinar las diferencias en la valoración de una cohorte de ancianos que asisten a un programa de mantenimiento y conservación de la memoria tres años después de la primera medición. Materiales y Métodos: estudio de cohorte histórica comparando la medición inicial en 2016 con la final en 2019, para establecer si hay diferencia en el deterioro cognoscitivo, presencia de depresión, ansiedad, síntomas somáticos, disfunción social y satisfacción con la vida. Resultados y discusión: se estudiaron 20 de las 21 personas de la cohorte original. El promedio de edad actual fue 76,5 ± 7,1 años. La única diferencia en las variables sociodemográficas fue la viudez de una de las participantes. El deterioro cognoscitivo sin demencia tuvo un incremento de 16,2% al pasar de 23,8% (n: 5) a 40% (n: 8). El viraje a demencia fue de 10%. Desaparecieron las quejas somáticas y la depresión, y apareció ansiedad en la percepción del estado general de salud, la satisfacción con la vida disminuyó 55%. Conclusiones: la progresión del deterioro cognoscitivo tanto en el paso a la forma leve (DCL) como a demencia fue semejante a la de la población general. La satisfacción con la vida disminuyó a pesar de que la percepción general de la salud mejoró en todos los integrantes. El nivel de participación, adherencia e integración social de los ancianos de la comunidad en nueve años de funcionamiento respaldan las actividades del programa Mantenimiento y Conservación de la Memoria.

Objective: to determine the differences in the results among a group of older adults attending a memory maintenance and preservation program, three years after the first evaluation. Materials and methods: historical cohort study comparing the initial measure in 2016 with the final measure in 2019, to establish the difference in cognitive deterioration, signs of depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, social dysfunction, and life satisfaction. Results and discussion: twenty of the 21 participants of the original cohort were studied. Present mean age was 76.5 ± 7.1 years. The only difference in the sociodemographic variables was that one woman became widowed. Cognitive deterioration without dementia increased in 16.2%, from 23.8% (n: 5) to 40% (n: 8). Ten percent (10%) developed dementia. Somatic complaints and depression disappeared, and anxiety at perception of health status appeared, life satisfaction decreased in 55%. Conclusions: progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia was like in the general population. Satisfaction with life decreased despite perception of general health status improved in all participants. The level of participation, adherence, and social integration among the elderly group during nine- years support the memory maintenance and preservation program activities

Prevalencia y variables asociadas a Pediculus humanus capitis en escolares de Caloto, Cauca, Colombia / Prevalence and variables associated with Pediculus humanus capitis in schoolchildren from Caloto, Cauca, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: la pediculosis capitis (PC) es una ectoparasitosis que afecta la piel, el cuero cabelludo y el pelo, cuyo agente etiológico es el Pediculus humanus capitis. La PC afecta principalmente a la población pediátrica y puede tener repercusiones psicosociales severas. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y las variables asociadas a PC en escolares de tres instituciones de educación primaria de Caloto, Cauca, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en 279 niños de 3-12 años entre enero y febrero de 2019. Se realizó un examen físico del cuero cabelludo de los estudiantes para identificar ninfas y piojos adultos, y se aplicó una encuesta a uno de sus padres o tutor legal. Se realizó un análisis bivariado por medio de las pruebas chi cuadrado o exacta de Fisher, para establecer la asociación entre las variables de interés y la presencia de PC, calculándose los OR con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 % y un nivel de significancia estadística de p<0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia de PC fue de 17,56 %. Las variables que se asociaron significativamente con la presencia de PC fueron ser de sexo femenino, tener entre 8 y 12 años de edad, lavarse el pelo interdiario, tener pelo largo, tener antecedente de PC y tener prurito del cuero cabelludo. Conclusiones: la PC está presente en los estudiantes de Caloto. Es necesario aplicar estrategias de prevención y control.

Abstract Introduction: pediculosis capitis (PC) is an ectoparasitosis that affects the skin, scalp and hair, and its etiologic agent is Pediculus humanus capitis. PC mainly affects pediatric population and can have severe psychosocial repercussions. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and variables associated to PC in schoolchildren attending three primary schools in Caloto, Cauca, Colombia. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study conducted in 279 children (aged 3 to 12) between January and February 2019. A physical examination of the children's heads was performed to identify nymphs and adult lice, and a survey was administered to one of their parents or their legal guardians. A bivariate analysis was carried out using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests to establish the association between the variables of interest and the presence of PC, calculating the ORs with their respective 95 % confidence intervals (CI) and a statistical significance level of p<0,05. Results: the prevalence of PC was 17,56 %. The following variables were significantly associated with the presence of PC: being female, being between 8 and 12 years of age, washing the hair every other day, having long hair, having a history of PC and having scalp pruritus. Conclusions: PC remains a health problem in rural schoolchildren. It is necessary to apply prevention and control strategies.

Comparative analysis of the transcriptional responses of five Leishmania species to trivalent antimony.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by several species of Leishmania. The resistance phenotype of these parasites depends on the characteristics of each species, which contributes to increased therapeutic failures. Understanding the mechanism used by the parasite to survive under treatment pressure in order to identify potential common and specific therapeutic targets is essential for the control of leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profiles and potential shared and specific resistance markers of the main Leishmania species of medical importance [subgenus L. (Leishmania): L. donovani, L. infantum and L. amazonensis; subgenus L. (Viannia): L. panamensis and L. braziliensis)] resistant and sensitive to trivalent stibogluconate (SbIII). METHODS: We conducted comparative analysis of the transcriptomic profiles (only coding sequences) of lines with experimentally induced resistance to SbIII from biological replicates of five Leishmania species available in the databases of four articles based on ortholog attribution. Simultaneously, we carried out functional analysis of ontology and reconstruction of metabolic pathways of the resulting differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RESULTS: Resistant lines for each species had differential responses in metabolic processes, compound binding, and membrane components concerning their sensitive counterpart. One hundred and thirty-nine metabolic pathways were found, with the three main pathways comprising cysteine and methionine metabolism, glycolysis, and the ribosome. Differentially expressed orthologous genes assigned to species-specific responses predominated, with 899 self-genes. No differentially expressed genes were found in common among the five species. Two common upregulated orthologous genes were found among four species (L. donovani, L. braziliensis, L. amazonensis, and L. panamensis) related to an RNA-binding protein and the NAD(P)H cytochrome-B5-oxidoreductase complex, associated with transcriptional control and de novo synthesis of linoleic acid, critical mechanisms in resistance to antimonials. CONCLUSION: Herein, we identified potential species-specific genes related to resistance to SbIII. Therefore, we suggest that future studies consider a treatment scheme that is species-specific. Despite the limitations of our study, this is the first approach toward unraveling the pan-genus genetic mechanisms of resistance in leishmaniasis.

A Survey of the Usages of Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing.

Over the last several years, the field of natural language processing has been propelled forward by an explosion in the use of deep learning models. This article provides a brief introduction to the field and a quick overview of deep learning architectures and methods. It then sifts through the plethora of recent studies and summarizes a large assortment of relevant contributions. Analyzed research areas include several core linguistic processing issues in addition to many applications of computational linguistics. A discussion of the current state of the art is then provided along with recommendations for future research in the field.

An interactive database of Leishmania species distribution in the Americas.

The Americas have an elevated number of leishmaniasis cases (accounting for two-thirds of the worldwide disease burden) and circulating Leishmania species, and are therefore of interest in terms of epidemiological surveillance. Here, we present a systematic review of Leishmania parasite species circulating in the countries of the American continent, together with complementary information on epidemiology and geospatial distribution. A database was built from data published between 1980 and 2018 on Leishmania species identified in most of the American countries. A total of 1499 georeferenced points were extracted from published articles and subsequently located to 14 countries in the Americas. This database could be used as a reference when surveilling the occurrence of Leishmania species in the continent.

False-positive "Cavernous Transformation" secondary to lymphatic filling in parenchymal hepatic CO(2) injection for portal vein visualization in TIPS procedures.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and potential importance of findings initially interpreted as portal vein occlusion with "cavernous transformation" at transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement with hepatic parenchymal CO(2) injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred forty-seven patients underwent hepatic parenchymal CO(2) injections in the setting of fine-needle CO(2) TIPS procedures. Hepatic parenchymal CO(2) injections were retrospectively reviewed for findings suggestive of cavernous transformation in which direct portal venography confirmed portal vein patency. Direct portography was performed by injecting CO(2) via the fine needle/guide wire complex or a 5-F catheter in a branch of the intrahepatic portal vein. RESULTS: Hepatic lymphatic vessels mimicked cavernous transformation of the portal vein in 29 of the 147 patients (19.7%). One patient with portal vein occlusion showed profuse lymphatic filling without filling the extrahepatic portal vein. Hepatic parenchymal CO(2) injections safely permitted targeting of the portal vein in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: During fine-needle CO(2) TIPS procedures, what was believed to represent reversed flow of hilar collateral vessels represented hepatic lymphatic vessels. Despite the lack of visualization of the portal vein in nearly one-fifth of patients, targeting of the portal vein was facilitated by the fact the hepatic lymphatic vessels showed a periportal distribution. The high incidence of hepatic lymphatic filling suggestive of cavernous transformation necessitates direct portography or wedged hepatic venography to verify portal vein patency before the procedure is aborted.